Research methods in criminal justice and criminology /
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| Author / Creator: | Hagan, Frank E. |
|---|---|
| Edition: | 7th ed. |
| Imprint: | Boston : Allyn and Bacon, c2006. |
| Description: | xxi, 533 p. : ill., maps ; 25 cm. |
| Language: | English |
| Subject: | |
| Format: | Print Book |
| URL for this record: | http://pi.lib.uchicago.edu/1001/cat/bib/5612061 |
Table of Contents:
- Chapter 1. Introduction to Criminal Justice Research Methods: Theory and Method
- Scientific Research in Criminal Justice
- Common Sense and Nonsense
- Why Study Research Methods in Criminal Justice?
- The Emergence of Science and Criminal Justice
- The Probabilistic Nature of Science
- Proper Conduct of Critical Inquiry
- Approaches to Theory and Method in Criminal Justice
- Exhibit 1.1. Merton's "Matthew Effect" in Science
- Exhibit 1.2. The Paradigm Shift in Policing
- Pure Versus Applied Research
- Exhibit 1.3. The Project on Human Development
- Exhibit 1.4. Crime Analysis: Applied Criminal Justice Research
- Qualitative and Quantitative Research
- Researchese: the Language of Research
- Concepts
- Operationalization
- Variables
- Dependent and Independent Variables
- Theories/Hypotheses
- Examples of the Research Process
- Recidivism among Juvenile Offenders
- General Steps in Empirical Research in Criminal Justice
- Problem Formulation: Selection of Research Problem
- Problem Formulation: Specification of Research Problem
- Exhibit 1.5. Feminist Perspectives and Research Methods
- Exhibit 1.6. The World Wide Web (WWW)
- Chapter 2. Ethics in Criminal Justice Research
- Ethical Horror Stories
- Biomedical Examples
- Social Science Examples
- Exhibit 2.1. AIDS Research in Africa and Asia: Is It Ethical?
- Researcher Fraud and Plagiarism
- Exhibit 2.2. Legendary Research Scams
- The Researcher's Role
- Research Targets in Criminal Justice
- Ethics and Professionalism
- Ethics in Criminal Justice Research
- History of Federal Regulation of Research
- The Belmont Report
- Institutional Review Boards
- Research Activities Exempt from HHS Review
- National Institute of Justice's Human Subject Protection Requirements
- Confidentiality of Criminal Justice Research
- Exhibit 2.3. Codes of Research Ethics of the ACJS and the ASC
- Ethical Issues in Criminology/Criminal Justice Research
- Avoid Research That May Harm Respondents
- Honor Commitments to Respondents and Respect Reciprocity
- Exercise Objectivity and Professional Integrity in Performing and Reporting Research
- Protect Confidentiality and Privacy of Respondents
- Ethical Problems
- The Brajuha Case (Weinstein Decision)
- The Ofshe Case
- The Hutchinson Case
- Additional Ethical Concerns
- Avoiding Ethical Problems
- Chapter 3. Research Design: The Experimental Model and Its Variations
- The Experimental Model
- Research Design in a Nutshell
- Causality
- Resolution of the Causality Problem
- Rival Causal Factors
- Validity
- Internal Factors: Variables Related to Internal Validity
- History
- Maturation
- Testing
- Instrumentation
- Statistical Regression
- Selection Bias
- Experimental Mortality
- Selection--Maturation Interaction
- External Factors: Variables Related to External Validity
- Testing Effects
- Selection Bias
- Reactivity or Awareness of Being Studied
- Multiple-Treatment Interferences
- Related Rival Causal Factors
- Hawthorne Effect
- Halo Effect
- Post Hoc Error
- Placebo Effect
- Other Rival Causal Factors in Criminal Justice Field Experiments
- Diffusion of Treatment
- Compensatory Equalization of Treatment
- Local History
- Experimental Designs
- The Classic Experimental Design
- Some Criminal Justice Examples of the Classic Experimental Design
- Candid Camera
- Scared Straight
- Community Policing
- Exhibit 3.1. The Kansas City Gun Experiment
- Other Experimental Designs
- Posttest-Only Control Group Design
- Solomon Four-Group Design
- Preexperimental Designs
- One-Group Ex Post Facto Design
- One-Group Before-After Design
- Two-Group Ex Post Facto Design
- Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Designs
- Exhibit 3.2. The Cycle of Violence and Victims of Child Abuse
- Quasi-Experimental Designs
- Time-Series Designs
- Multiple Interrupted Time-Series Designs
- Counterbalanced Designs
- Some Other Criminal Justice Examples of Variations of the Experimental Model
- The Provo and Silverlake Experiments
- Exhibit 3.3. Evaluations of Shock Incarceration
- The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment
- The Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment
- The Experiment As a Data-Gathering Strategy
- Advantages of Experiments
- Disadvantages of Experiments
- Chapter 4. An Introduction to Alternative Data-Gathering Strategies and the Special Case of Uniform Crime Reports
- Alternative Data-Gathering Strategies
- Social Surveys
- Participant Observation
- Life History and Case Studies
- Unobtrusive Measures
- Exhibit 4.1. Applied Research: Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
- The Special Case of Uniform Crime Reports
- The Crime Index
- Crime Rate
- Cautions in the Use of UCR Data
- Factors Affecting the UCR
- Related UCR Issues
- Exhibit 4.2. The Crime Dip
- UCR Redesign
- National Incident-Based Reporting System
- Exhibit 4.3. The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
- NIBRS versus UCR
- Chapter 5. Sampling and Survey Research: Questionnaires
- Types of Sampling
- Probability Samples
- Nonprobability Samples
- Exhibit 5.1. Crime Profiling
- Sample Size
- Survey Research
- Some Guidelines for Questionnaire Construction
- Questionnaire Wording
- Pretest
- Organization of the Questionnaire
- Mail Surveys
- Advantages of Mail Surveys
- Disadvantages of Mail Surveys
- Ways of Eliminating Disadvantages in Mail Surveys
- Follow-up
- Offering Remuneration
- Attractive Format
- Sponsorship and Endorsements
- Personalization
- Shortened Format
- Good Timing
- Self-Reported Measures of Crime
- Some Problems With Self-Report Surveys
- Strengths of Self-Report Surveys
- Reliability
- Validity
- Use of Other Data
- Use of Other Observers
- Use of Polygraph
- "Known Group" Validation
- Use of Lie Scales
- Measures of Internal Consistency
- Use of Interviews
- Internet Surveys
- Advantages of Internet Surveys
- Disadvantages of Internet Surveys
- Procedures in Internet Surveys
- Chapter 6. Survey Research: Interviews and Telephone Surveys
- Types of Interviews
- Advantages of Interviews
- Disadvantages of Interviews
- Interviewing Aids and Variations
- Exhibit 6.1. Public Opinion Polls
- General Procedures in Interviews
- Training and Orientation Session
- Arranging the Interview
- Demeanor of Interviewer
- Administration of the Structured Interview
- Probing
- The Exit
- Recording the Interview
- Telephone Surveys
- Advantages and Prospects of Telephone Surveys
- Disadvantages of Telephone Surveys
- Computers in Survey Research
- Random Digit Dialing
- Techniques Employed in Telephone Surveys
- Victim Surveys in Criminal Justice
- National Crime Victimization Survey
- Sampling
- Panel Design
- A Comparison of UCR, Ncvs, and Self-Report Data
- Some Problems in Victim Surveys
- Cost of Large Samples
- False Reports
- Mistaken Reporting
- Poor Memory
- Telescoping
- Sampling Bias
- Overreporting and Underreporting
- Interviewer Effects
- Coding Unreliability and Mechanical Error
- Problems Measuring Certain Crimes
- Benefits of Victim Surveys
- A Defense of Victim Surveys
- Controlling for Error in Victim Surveys
- Bounding
- Reverse Record Checks
- Victim Surveys: A Balanced View
- Community Crime Victimization Survey Software
- Redesign of the National Crime Victimization Survey
- Exhibit 6.2. The Redesigned National Crime Victimization Survey
- Chapter 7. Participant Observation and Case Studies
- A Critique of Experiments and Surveys
- Verbal Reports versus Behavior
- A Defense of Quantitative Research
- Participant Observation
- Types of Participant Observation
- Characteristics of Participant Observation
- Objectivity in Research
- "Going Native"
- General Procedures in Participant Observation
- Field Notes
- Mnemonics
- Caution in Use of Other Recording Methods
- Tips on Participant Observation
- Gaining Access
- Exhibit 7.1. American Skinheads
- Gatekeepers
- Announcement of Intentions
- Sampling
- Reciprocity and Protection of Identity
- Concern for Accuracy
- Examples of Participant Observation
- Exhibit 7.2. Islands in the Streets
- Exhibit 7.3. This Thing of Darkness: A Participant Observation Study of Idaho Christian Patriots
- Advantages of Participant Observation
- Disadvantages of Participant Observation
- Case Studies
- Life History/Oral History
- Some Examples of Case Studies
- Journalistic Field Studies
- Single-Subject Designs
- Chapter 8. Unobtrusive Measures, Secondary Analysis, and the Uses of Official Statistics
- Major Types of Unobtrusive Methods
- Physical Trace Analysis
- Use of Available Data and Archives
- Secondary Analysis
- Personal Documents and Biographies
- Examples of Secondary Analysis
- Exhibit 8.1. Automated Pin Mapping: Applied Criminal Justice Research Using GIS for Crime Analysis
- Exhibit 8.2. Street Gang Crime in Chicago
- Limitations of Official Data
- Measuring Hidden Populations
- Historical and Archival Data
- Content Analysis
- Content Analysis by Computer
- Meta-Analysis
- Exhibit 8.3. Applied Criminal Justice Research: Hotspot Analysis
- Sources of Existing Data
- Exhibit 8.4. X-Files at the Federal Bureau of Investigation
- Exhibit 8.5. National Archive of Criminal Justice Data
- Observation
- Disguised Observation
- Simulations
- Advantages of Unobtrusive Measures
- Disadvantages of Unobtrusive Measures
- Chapter 9. Validity, Reliability, and Triangulated Strategies
- Error in Research
- Reasons for Lack of Validation Studies in Criminal Justice
- Ways of Determining Validity
- Face Validity
- Content Validity
- Construct Validity
- Pragmatic Validity
- Convergent-Discriminant Validation/Triangulation
- Reliability
- Test-Retest
- Multiple Forms
- Split-Half Technique
- Mythical Numbers
- Phantom Army of Addicts
- Adam (Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program)
- Exhibit 9.1. Adam
- Other Examples of Research Validation
- Chapter 10. Scaling and Index Construction
- Levels of Measurement
- Exhibit 10.1. Score Yourself General Attitude/Knowledge Survey
- Scaling Procedures
- Arbitrary Scales
- The Uniform Crime Report as an Arbitrary Scale
- Attitude Scales
- Thurstone Scales
- Likert Scales
- Guttman Scales
- Other Scaling Procedures
- Q Sort
- Semantic Differential
- Other Variations
- Crime Seriousness Scales
- Sellin-Wolfgang Index
- Types of Crime Seriousness Scales
- Prediction Scales
- The Salient Factor Score
- Greenwood's "Rand Seven-Factor Index"
- Career Criminal Programs
- Advantages of Scales
- Disadvantages of Scales
- Chapter 11. Data Analysis: Coding, Tabulation, and Simple Data Presentation
- Variables List
- Computers
- Data Management
- Editing
- Coding
- Coder Monitoring
- Keyboard Entry
- Data Verification
- Simple Data Presentation
- Rates
- Proportions
- Percentages
- Ratios
- The Frequency Distribution
- Graphic Presentations
- Pie Charts
- Bar Graphs
- Frequency Polygons (Line Charts)
- Crime Clocks
- Table Reading
- Why Bother with Tables?
- What to Look for in a Table
- Steps in Reading a Table
- Summary of Table 11.3
- How to Construct Tables
- Presentation of Complex Data
- General Rules for Percentaging a Table
- Improper Percentaging
- Elaboration
- Lying with Statistics
- Chapter 12. Data Analysis: A User's Guide to Statistics
- Why Study Statistics?
- Types of Statistics
- Measures of Central Tendency for a Simple Distribution
- Mode
- Median
- Mean
- Measures of Dispersion
- Range
- Standard Deviation ([sigma])
- Standard Deviation Units (Z Scores)
- Chi-Square (X[superscript 2])
- Calculation of Chi-Square
- Cautions
- Chi-Square-Based Measures of Association
- Phi Coefficient ([phi]) and Phi-Square ([phi superscript 2])
- Contingency Coefficient (C)
- Cramer's V
- Nature and Types of Statistics
- Nonparametric Statistics
- Null Hypothesis
- Tests of Significance
- The t Test (Difference of Means Test)
- Types of t Tests
- Anova (Analysis of Variance)
- Calculation of ANOVA
- Other Measures of Relationship
- The Concept of Relationship
- Correlation Coefficient (Pearson's r)
- Interpretation of Pearson's r
- Calculation of Pearson's r
- Statistical Significance of Pearson's r
- Regression
- Ordinal Level Measures of Relationship
- Spearman's Rho (r[subscript s])
- Interpretation of Rho
- Gamma
- Multivariate Analysis
- Partial Correlation
- Multiple Correlation and Regression
- Statistical Software
- Caveat Emptor
- The Ecological Fallacy
- Chapter 13. Policy Analysis and Evaluation Research
- Policy Analysis
- Evaluation Research
- Policy Experiments
- Policy Analysis: The Case of the National Institute of Justice Research Program
- NIJ Mission Statement
- NIJ Research Priorities
- A Systems Model of Evaluation Research
- Types of Evaluation Research
- Will the Findings Be Used?
- Is the Project Evaluable?
- Who Can Do This Work?
- Steps in Evaluation Research
- Problem Formulation
- Design of Instruments
- Research Design
- Data Collection
- Data Analysis
- Utilization
- What Works in Criminal Justice?
- Exhibit 13.1. Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising
- Obstacles to Evaluation Research
- Researchers and Host Agencies
- Appendix A. How to Write the Research Report
- Appendix B. Table of Random Numbers
- Appendix C. Statistics: An Addendum to Chapter 12
- Measures of Central Tendency for Grouped Data
- Standard Deviations for Grouped Data
- Raw Score Approach
- Deviation Score Approach
- Calculation of Anova
- Regression Calculations
- A Test of Significance for Gamma
- Appendix D. Answers to Pop Quizzes in Chapter 12
- Appendix E. Normal Curve Areas
- Appendix F. Distribution of Chi-Square (X[superscript 2])
- Appendix G. Proposal Writing and Evaluation
- Proposal Writing
- Funding Agencies
- Grantsmanship
- Basic Elements of a Proposal
- NIJ Proposal Format and Content
- Evaluation of Research Proposals
- NIJ Evaluation of Proposals
- References
- Glossary
- Name Index
- Subject Index
