Nuclear medicine physics : the basics /
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| Author / Creator: | Chandra, Ramesh, 1938- |
|---|---|
| Edition: | 6th ed. |
| Imprint: | Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, c2004. |
| Description: | xiii, 201 p. : ill. ; 26 cm. |
| Language: | English |
| Subject: | |
| Format: | Print Book |
| URL for this record: | http://pi.lib.uchicago.edu/1001/cat/bib/5574663 |
Table of Contents:
- Preface
- 1. Basic Review
- Matter, Elements, and Atoms
- Simplified Structure of an Atom
- Molecules
- Binding Energy, Ionization, and Excitation
- Forces or Fields
- Electromagnetic Forces
- Characteristic X-Rays and Auger Electrons
- Interchangeability of Mass and Energy
- 2. Nuclides and Radioactive Processes
- Nuclides and Their Classification
- Nuclear Structure and Excited States of a Nuclide
- Radionuclides and Stability of Nuclides
- Radioactive Series or Chain
- Radioactive Processes and Conservation Laws
- Alpha Decay
- Beta Decay
- Gamma Decay or Isomeric Transition
- Decay Schemes
- 3. Radioactivity: Law of Decay, Half-Life, and Statistics
- Radioactivity: Definition, Units, and Dosage
- Law of Decay
- Calculation of the Mass of a Radioactive Sample
- Specific Activity
- The Exponential Law of Decay
- Half-Life
- Problems on Radioactive Decay
- Average Life (T[subscript av])
- Biological Half-Life
- Effective Half-Life
- Statistics of Radioactive Decay
- Poisson Distribution, Standard Deviation, and Percent Standard Deviation
- Propagation of Statistical Errors
- Room Background
- 4. Production of Radionuclides
- Methods of Radionuclide Production
- Reactor-Produced Radionuclides
- Accelerator- or Cyclotron-Produced Radionuclides
- Fission-Produced Radionuclides
- General Considerations in the Production of Radionuclides
- Production of Short-Lived Radionuclides, Using a Generator
- Principles of a Generator
- Description of a Typical Generator
- 5. Radiopharmaceuticals
- Design Considerations for a Radiopharmaceutical
- Selection of a Radionuclide
- Selection of a Chemical
- Development of a Radiopharmaceutical
- Chemical Studies
- Animal Distribution and Toxicity Studies
- Human or Clinical Studies
- Quality Control of a Radiopharmaceutical
- Radionuclidic Purity
- Radiochemical Purity
- Chemical Purity
- Sterility
- Apyrogenicity
- Labeling of Radiopharmaceuticals with Technetium-99m
- Technetium-99m-Labeled Radiopharmaceuticals
- Technetium-99m Pertechnetate ([superscript 99m]TcO[superscript - subscript 4])
- Technetium-99m-Labeled Sulfur Colloid
- Technetium-99m-Labeled Macroaggregated Albumin ([superscript 99m]Tc MAA)
- Technetium-99m-Labeled Polyphosphate, Pyrophosphate, and Diphosphonate
- Technetium-99m-Labeled Human Serum Albumin
- Technetium-99m-Labeled Red Cells
- Technetium-99m-Labeled 2,3-Dimercaptosuccinic Acid (DMSA)
- Technetium-99m-Labeled Diethylenetriamine Pentaacetic Acid (DTPA)
- Technetium-99m-Labeled Glucoheptonate
- Technetium-99m-Labeled Mertiatide (MAG3)
- Technetium-99m-Labeled 2,6-Dimethyl Acetanilide Iminodiacetic Acid (HIDA) and Related Compounds (Diethyl-IDA, PIPIDA, and DISIDA)
- Technetium-99m-Labeled Sestamibi (Cardiolite)
- Technetium-99m-Labeled Teboroxime (Cardiotec)
- Technetium-99m-Labeled Tetrofosmin (Myoview)
- Technetium-99m-Labeled Brain Imaging Agents (Exametazime [Ceretec], Hexamethylpropyleneamine Oxime [HMPAO], and Ethyl Cysteinate Dimer [ECD])
- Radioiodine-Labeled Radiopharmaceuticals ([superscript 131]I and [superscript 123]I)
- Iodine-131- or Iodine-123-Labeled Sodium Iodide
- Other Iodine-123-Labeled Radiopharmaceuticals
- Compounds Labeled with Other Radionuclides
- Gallium-67 Citrate
- Thallous-201 Chloride
- Chromium-51-Labeled Red Cells
- Indium-111-Labeled DTPA
- Indium-111-Labeled Platelets and Leukocytes
- Indium-111-Labeled DTPA Pentetreotide (OctreoScan)
- Radiolabeled Monoclonal Antibodies and Synthetic Peptides
- Radioactive Gases and Aerosols
- Radiopharmeceuticals for PET Imaging
- [superscript 18]FDG (2-deoxy-fluoro-D-glucose)
- Therapeutic Uses of Radiopharmaceuticals
- Design of a Radiopharmaceutical for Therapeutic Uses
- Problems and Uses
- Misadministration of Radiopharmaceuticals
- 6. Interaction of High-Energy Radiation With Matter
- Interaction of Charged Particles (10 keV to 10 MeV)
- Principal Mechanism of Interaction
- Differences Between Lighter and Heavier Charged Particles
- Range R of a Charged Particle
- Factors That Affect Range, R
- Bremsstrahlung Production
- Stopping Power (S)
- Linear Energy Transfer (LET)
- Difference Between LET and Stopping Power S
- Annihilation of Positrons
- Interaction of x- or [gamma]-rays (10 keV to 10 MeV)
- Attenuation and Transmission of X- or [gamma]-Rays
- Attenuation Through Heterogeneous Medium
- Mass Attenuation Coefficient, [mu] (mass)
- Atomic Attenuation Coefficient, [mu] (atom)
- Mechanisms of Interaction
- Dependence of [mu] (mass) and [mu] (linear) on Z
- Relative Importance of the Three Processes
- Interaction of Neutrons
- 7. Radiation Dosimetry
- General Comments on Radiation Dose Calculations
- Definitions and Units
- Radiation Dose, D
- Radiation Dose Rate, dD/dt
- Parameters or Data Needed
- Calculation of the Radiation Dose
- Step 1. Rate of Energy Emission
- Step 2. Rate of Energy Absorption
- Step 3. Dose Rate, dD/dt
- Step 4. Average Dose, D
- Simplification of Radiation Dose Calculations Using "S" Factor
- Some Illustrative Examples
- Radiation Doses in Routine Imaging Procedures
- Radiation Dose to a Fetus
- 8. Detection of High-Energy Radiation
- What Do We Want to Know About Radiation?
- Simple Detection
- Quantity of Radiation
- Energy of the Radiation
- Nature of Radiation
- What Makes One Radiation Detector Better Than Another?
- Intrinsic Efficiency or Sensitivity
- Dead Time or Resolving Time
- Energy Discrimination Capability or Energy Resolution
- Other Considerations
- Types of Detectors
- Gas-Filled Detectors
- Scintillation Detectors (Counters)
- Semiconductor Detectors
- 9. In Vitro Radiation Detection
- Overall Efficiency E
- Intrinsic Efficiency
- Geometric Efficiency
- Well-type NaI(Tl) Scintillation Detectors (Well Counters)
- Liquid Scintillation Detectors
- Basic Components
- Preparation of the Sample Detector Vial
- Problems Arising in Sample Preparation
- 10. In Vivo Radiation Detection: Basic Problems, Probes, and Rectilinear Scanners
- Basic Problems
- Collimation
- Scattering
- Attenuation
- Organ Uptake Probes
- NaI(Tl) Detector
- Collimator
- Organ Imaging Devices
- Rectilinear Scanner
- 11. In Vivo Radiation Detection: Scintillation Camera
- Scintillation Camera
- Collimators
- Detector, NaI(Tl) Crystal
- Position Determining Circuit (x, y Coordinates)
- Display
- Imaging with a Scintillation Camera
- Interfacing with a Computer or All-digital Camera
- Digitization in General
- Digitization in the Scintillation Camera
- Some Applications of Computers
- Automatic Acquisition of Images
- Display of Images
- Analysis of the Images
- 12. Operational Characteristics and Quality Control of a Scintillation Camera
- Quantitative Parameters for Measuring Spatial Resolution
- Point-Spread Function and FWHM
- Modulation Transfer Function
- Resolution of an Imaging Chain
- Quantitative Parameters for Measuring Sensitivity
- Point Sensitivity S[subscript P]
- Line Sensitivity S[subscript L]
- Plane Sensitivity S[subscript A]
- Factors Affecting Spatial Resolution and Sensitivity of an Imager
- Scintillation Camera
- Loss of Spatial Resolution Resulting from Septal Penetration
- Variation in Spatial Resolution with Depth
- Uniformity and High Count Rate Performance of a Scintillation Camera
- Uniformity
- High Count Rate Performance
- Quality Control of Imaging Devices
- Scintillation Camera
- 13. Detectability or Final Contrast in an Image
- Parameters that Affect Detectability of a Lesion
- Object Contrast
- Spatial Resolution and Sensitivity of an Imaging Device
- Statistical (Quantum) Noise
- Projection of Volume Distribution into Areal Distribution
- Compton Scattering of [gamma]-Rays
- Attenuation
- Object Motion
- Display Parameters
- Contrast-Detail Curve
- Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) Curve
- 14. Emission Computed Tomography
- Principles of Transverse Tomography
- Considerations in Data Acquisition
- Reconstruction of the Cross Section
- Single-photon Emission Computed Tomography
- Data Acquisition with a Scintillation Camera
- Collimators
- Attenuation Correction
- Scatter Correction
- Resolution Correction
- Other Requirements or Sources of Error
- Positron Emission Tomography
- Why PET?
- Principles of PET
- PET Instrumentation
- PET-CT and PET-SPECT Instrument
- High-energy SPECT and PET with a Scintillation Camera
- 15. Biological Effects of Radiation and Risk Evaluation from Radiation Exposure
- Mechanism of Biological Damage
- Factors Affecting Biological Damage
- Radiation Dose
- Dose Rate
- LET or Type of Radiation
- Type of Tissue
- Amount of Tissue
- Rate of Cell Turnover
- Biological Variation
- Chemical Modifiers
- Biological Effect, Equivalent Dose, and Dose Equivalent
- Equivalent Dose
- Dose Equivalent
- Deleterious Effects in Humans
- Acute Effects
- Late Effects
- Radiation Effects in the Fetus
- Different Radiation Exposures and the Concept of Effective Dose or Effective Dose Equivalent
- Sources of Radiation Exposure
- Methodology for Comparison of Different Exposures
- Effective Doses in Nuclear Medicine and Comparison with Other Sources of Exposure
- 16. Methods of Safe Handling of Radionuclides and Pertaining Rules and Regulations
- Principles of Reducing Exposure from External Sources
- Time
- Distance
- Shielding
- Avoiding Internal Contamination
- The Radioactive Patient
- Rules and Regulations
- U.S. Regulatory Agencies
- Exposure or Dose Limits: Annual Limit on Intake and Derived Air Concentration
- ALARA Principle
- Types of Licenses
- Radiation Safety Committee and Radiation Safety Officer
- Personnel Monitoring
- Receipt, Use, and Disposal of Radionuclides
- Control and Labeling of Areas Where Radionuclides are Stored and/or Used
- Contamination Survey and Radiation-Level Monitoring
- Receiving and Shipping (Transport) of Radioactive Packages
- Accidental Radioactive Spills
- A. Appendix A: Physical Characteristics of Some Radionuclides of Interest in Nuclear Medicine
- B. Appendix B: CGS and SI Units
- C. Appendix C: Exponential Table
- D. Appendix D: Radionuclides of Interest in Nuclear Medicine
- E. Appendix E: Organ Masses of a Standard Man
- Answers
- Suggestions for Further Reading
- Index
