Perspectives on properties of the human genome project /
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| Imprint: | Amsterdam ; Boston : Elsevier/Academic Press, c2003. |
|---|---|
| Description: | xxvi, 538 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. |
| Language: | English |
| Series: | Advances in genetics ; v.50 |
| Subject: | |
| Format: | Print Book |
| URL for this record: | http://pi.lib.uchicago.edu/1001/cat/bib/5058919 |
Table of Contents:
- Contributors
- Acknowledgment
- Introduction
- 1. Where We are and How We Got Here
- 1. Patenting Life Forms: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow
- I.. Introduction
- II.. Patenting Life Forms
- III.. What Happened Next?
- IV.. What about Patenting Human Organs?
- V.. Defining Human?
- VI.. Epilogue
- 2. The Evolution of Gene Patents Viewed from the United States Patent Office
- I.. Introduction
- II.. Are Gene-Related Inventions Patentable Subject Matter?
- III.. Utility of Gene-Related Inventions
- IV.. Do Gene-Related Inventions Satisfy the Enable and Written Description Requirements?
- V.. Novelty and Nonobviousness
- VI.. Summary
- 3. Competition Policy in Patent Cases and Antitrust
- I.. Introduction
- II.. The Federal Circuit's Transformation of the Law
- A.. Claim Construction
- 1.. The Governing Law Before Markman
- 2.. The Federal Circuit's Markman Decision
- B.. Infringement by Equivalents and Prosecution History Estoppel
- 1.. The Governing Law Before Festo as to Equivalents
- 2.. The Governing Law Before Festo as to Prosecution Estoppel
- 3.. The Festo Decision
- 4.. Other Federal Circuit Efforts to Confine or Eliminate the Doctrine of Equivalents
- a.. Specific Exclusion
- b.. Foreseeability
- c.. The Patent Specification Precludes Equivalence
- III.. Competition Policy in the Treatment of Patents
- A.. The Black/Douglas View of Patents in the Contex of Antitrust and Competition Policy in the 1940s and 1950s
- 1.. Patent Law
- 2.. Antitrust Law
- B.. The Renunciation of the Black/Douglas View
- 1.. Economic Beginnings
- 2.. The Cases
- 3.. The Antitrust Division's View of the Role of Innovation in Competition
- IV.. Precise Notice to Competitors and Rule of Reason Analysis under the Antitrust Laws
- V.. Conclusion
- 4. Product Patents on Human DNA Sequences: An Obstacle for Implementing the EU Biotech Directive?
- I.. Introduction
- II.. Presumable Obstacles for Implementation
- III.. The Case of Product Patents on DNA Sequences
- IV.. The EU Biotech Directive in the Light of the Latest Scientific Developments
- V.. Lessons to be Drawn from These New Developments
- 5. Patenting Genetic Products and Processes: A TRIPS Perspective
- I.. The Uruguay Round of GATT Negotiations
- II.. Article 27 of the TRIPS Agreement
- III.. Interpretive Controversies and Political Fallout Likely to Arise out of Article 27
- A.. Interpretive Controversies Concerning Article 27
- B.. The Political Fallout Produced by Article 27
- IV.. Conclusion: Implications for Human Genomic Research and Patent Protection
- 6. Enclosing the Genome: What Squabbles over Genetic Patents Could Teach US
- I.. Introduction
- II.. You Can't Own a Gene
- A.. The Sacred
- B.. The Uncommodifiable
- C.. The Environmental Ethic
- D.. The Common Heritage of Mankind
- E.. The Rights of Sources
- F.. Patentable Subject Matter
- 1.. Novelty
- 2.. Nonobviousness
- 3.. Utility
- G.. Innovation Policy
- III.. The Limits of Intellectual Property Policy
- A.. The Bipolar Disorders of Intellectual Property Policy
- B.. Reasons to be Narrow: Take 3
- IV.. Reconstructing Scholarship
- A.. Questioning and Refining the Ideal of Perpetual Innovation
- B.. From Public Goods to Public Choice
- V.. Conclusion
- 2. The Case for Property Rights
- 7. Perusing Property Rights in DNA
- I.. Introduction
- II.. The Types and Rights of Ownership in DNA
- A.. The Differences between These Types of Property
- B.. The Interactions between These Types of Property
- III.. The Object of Ownership in Patents
- A.. The Rules about What is Not Owned
- B.. The Rules about Disclosing What is Owned
- C.. Applying These Rules to DNA
- IV.. The Owner of Ownership in Patents
- V.. The Implications of Ownership in Patents for Nonowners
- A.. Ownership Operates Ex Ante to Bring Commercialization
- B.. Transactions Operate Ex Post to Increase Output
- VI.. Conclusion
- 8. Steady the Course: Property Rights in Genetic Material
- I.. All-or-Nothing on Property Rights
- II.. Moral Arguments against Property Rights in the Genome and Elsewhere
- III.. The Common versus Private Property
- A.. A Mixed Equilibrium
- B.. Multiple Monopolies
- IV.. Forced Transfers of Patent Rights
- A.. Condemnation
- B.. Compulsory Licensing
- 1.. Basic Proposal
- 2.. Mechanics of Compulsory Licenses
- V.. Contracting Strategies
- VI.. On to the Genome
- A.. The Patent Law
- B.. Express Sequence Tags
- VII.. Conclusion
- 9. Varying the Course in Patenting Genetic Material: A Counter-Proposal to Richard Epstein's Steady Course
- I.. Introduction
- II.. Four Assumptions
- A.. The Rational Patentee
- B.. The Benign Patent
- C.. The Malignant Compulsory License
- D.. The Goals of Patent Law
- III.. A Counter-Proposal
- 10. Reaching through the Genome
- I.. The Old Model: Genes as Products
- II.. The New Model: Genes as Research Tools
- III.. Reach-through Strategies
- A.. Reach-through Licenses
- B.. Reach-through Remedies
- C.. Reach-through Claiming
- IV.. Normative Assessment of Reach-through Mechanisms
- V.. Conclusion
- 11. The Human Genome Project in Retrospect
- I.. Introduction
- II.. The History, Structure, and Funding of the Human Genome Project
- A.. A History of Private Challenges to the Human Genome Project
- B.. Structural Options Considered at the Outset of the Human Genome Project
- 1.. One Agency
- 2.. Single-Agency Leadership
- 3.. Interagency Agreement and Consultation
- 4.. Interagency Task Force
- 5.. Consortium
- 6.. The Solution
- C.. Funding Mechanisms
- 1.. Direct Appropriations and Government Contracts
- 2.. Grants to Individuals and Institutions
- 3.. Cooperative Research and Development Agreements
- D.. Goals of Structure and Funding
- III.. A Proposal for Administration of Science
- A.. A Sketch of a Retrospective Grant Institution
- B.. Refinements
- C.. Objections
- D.. Assessment of the Proposal
- IV.. Conclusion
- 12. Goat-Boy Roams the Halls?
- I.. Information and Advocacy of Reform
- II.. Property Rights and Hybrid Regimes
- III.. Goat-Boy Roams the Halls
- IV.. A Final Adage
- 13. Comment on the Tragedy of the Anticommons in Biomedical Research
- 14. An Outsider Perspective on Intellectual Property Discourse
- I.. Introduction
- II.. Truthfulness/Completeness
- III.. Typicality
- IV.. From Theory to Practice
- V.. Conclusion
- 3. Comparisons with Other Technologies and Other Legal Regimes
- 15. Saving the Patent Law from Itself: Informal Remarks Concerning the Systemic Problems Afflicting Developed Intellectual Property Regimes
- I.. Introduction
- II.. Fallacy of the "All-or-Nothing" Approach
- III.. The Semicommons as a Natural, Open-Source Community
- IV.. From Semicommons to Anticommons: The Unbridled Proliferation of Exclusive Rights
- V.. Database Protection or How to Elevate the Costs of Innovation Across the Entire Economy
- VI.. Saving the System from Itself
- VII.. A Comprehensive Solution
- 16. Biotechnology's Uncertainty Principle
- I.. Heterogeneity in the Patent Law
- A.. The History of the Uniform Patent System
- B.. Biotechnology Patent Cases
- C.. The Divergent Standards
- II.. Modulating Technology-Specificity
- A.. The Role of the PHOSITA
- B.. Misapplication of the PHOSITA Standard
- C.. Obstacles to Applying the PHOSITA Standard Properly
- III.. Innovation, Invention, and Uncertainty
- A.. Theories of Biotechnology Patents
- 1.. Prospect Theory
- 2.. Anticommons Theory
- B.. Designing Optimal Biotechnology Policy
- C.. Designing Optimal Pharmaceutical Policy
- IV.. Conclusion
- 17. Commentary on the Panel Presentations
- 18. Commenting on Biotechnology's Uncertainty Principle
- I.. The Written Description and Enablement Requirements
- II.. The Nonobviousness Requirement
- III.. The Obviousness Requirement and the Doctrine of Equivalents
- IV.. The PHOSITA in Biotechnology
- V.. Innovation, Invention, and Uncertainty
- 19. (Mostly) against Exceptionalism
- I.. Introduction
- II.. Adaptions versus Prescription: Exploring Technological Specificity and the Patent Law
- A.. The Two Forms of Technological Specificty: Macro- and Micro-
- B.. The Uncertain Effects of the PHOSITA
- III.. The Hunt for Exceptionalism: The Technological Specificity of Parent Jurisprudence
- A.. Patentability Jurisprudence
- B.. Biotechnological "Jurisprudence"
- C.. Reading the Cases: A (Brief) Response to Burk and Lemley
- IV.. (Mostly) against Exceptionalism
- 4. Transactions Over Genetics in Academia and Business
- 20. O Brave New Industry, That Has Such Patents in It! Reflections on the Economic Consequences of Patenting DNA
- I.. Introduction
- II.. Tool Companies and Their Business
- III.. Vertical Disintegration of the Pharmaceutical Industry
- IV.. Is the New Industry Structure Efficient?
- V.. Concluding Thoughts
- 21. Pharmacogenomics, Genetic Tests, and Patent-Based Incentives
- I.. Introduction
- II.. Pharmacogenomics and the Promise of Customized Drug Therapy
- A.. Genomics and the Practice of Medicine
- B.. Genetic Testing Technology
- III.. The Impact of Genetic Tests on Profit and Social Welfare in the Market for Existing Drugs
- A.. The Basic Model
- B.. The Information Content of the Test
- C.. Tests with No Medical Value
- D.. Differentiated Drugs in a Duopoly Market
- IV.. Incentives to Conduct and Develop Genetic Tests
- A.. The Incentive to Conduct Genetic Testing
- B.. The Incentive to Develop Genetic Tests
- V.. Conclusion
- 22. The Effect of Intellectual Property on the Biotechnology Industry
- I.. Bringing New Drugs to Patients
- II.. The U.S. Patent System: Promoting Innovation in the Biotech Industry
- III.. Common Criticisms of Biotechnology Patents
- IV.. Patent Policies Endangering the Biotechnology Industry
- V.. Conclusion
- 23. Are Real Business People So Easily Thwarted?
- 5. Disputes over Genetics in Academia and Business
- 24. One Size Fits All?
- 25. Some Empirical Evidence on How Technologically Complex Issues Are Decided in Patent Cases in U.S. District Courts
- 26. How Ordinary Judges and Juries Decide the Seemingly Complex Technological Questions of Patentability over the Prior Art
- I.. Introduction: A Theory of Desert
- II.. Novelty
- III.. Nonobviousness
- IV.. Conclusion
- 27. The Difficult Interface: Relations between the Sciences and the Law
- I.. Introduction
- II.. The Norms of Science
- III.. Recent History
- IV.. Fraud and the Law
- V.. Remedies?
- Conclusion
- Index