The birds of northern Melanesia : speciation, ecology & biogeography /
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| Author / Creator: | Mayr, Ernst, 1904-2005 |
|---|---|
| Imprint: | Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, 2001. |
| Description: | xxiv, 492 p. : ill. (some col.), maps ; 26 cm. |
| Language: | English |
| Subject: | |
| Format: | Print Book |
| URL for this record: | http://pi.lib.uchicago.edu/1001/cat/bib/4789649 |
Table of Contents:
- Introduction
- Part I.. Northern Melanesia's Physical and Biological Environment
- 1.. Geology and Geological History
- Plate tectonic history
- Volcanism and rocks
- Land bridges
- Summary
- 2.. Climate
- 3.. Habitats and Vegetation
- Habitats
- Taxonomic composition of the vegetation
- Summary
- 4.. Terrestrial Vertebrates Other Than Birds
- Mammals
- Amphibia
- Reptiles
- Comparison of vertebrate classes
- Summary
- Part II.. Human History and Impacts
- 5.. Human History
- Modern peoples and languages
- Prehistory before European exploration
- European exploration and modern history
- European impacts relevant to bird distributions
- Summary
- 6.. Ornithological Exploration of Northern Melanesia
- 7.. Exterminations of Bird Populations
- What bird species may now be extinct in the Bismarcks or Solomons?
- What bird species were reported by the first European explorers?
- Bird fossils
- Susceptibility of Northern Melanesian birds to known mechanisms of extermination
- Summary
- Part III.. The Northern Melanesian Avifauna
- 8.. Family Composition
- Disproportions between the Northern Melanesian and New Guinean source avifaunas
- Disproportions based on a revised classification
- Summary
- 9.. Determinants of Island Species Number
- Species/area relation
- Effect of isolation
- Montane species
- Supersaturation
- Summary
- 10.. Level of Endemism, Habitat Preference, and Abundance of Each Species
- Level of endemism
- Habitat preference
- Abundance
- Summary
- 11.. Overwater Dispersal Ability of Each Species
- Indicators of dispersal
- Formulation of dispersal categories in the Bismarcks and Solomons
- Comparison of the types of evidence
- Comparison of the Bismarcks and Solomons
- Evolution of dispersal ability
- Biological correlates of dispersal abilities
- Summary
- 12.. Distributional Ecology
- Number of islands occupied by each species
- Species incidences
- Differences between the Bismarcks and Solomons in species distributions
- Summary
- Part IV.. Colonization Routes
- 13.. Proximate Origins of Northern Melanesian Populations
- Endemic subspecies and nonendemic populations
- Endemic allospecies
- Endemic full species and genera
- Summary
- 14.. Upstream Colonization and Faunal Dominance
- Exchanges Between the New Hebrides and Northern Melanesia
- Exchanges Between the Bismarcks and Solomons
- Exchanges Between Northern Melanesia and the New Guinea region
- Asymmetry ratios
- Summary
- 15.. Ultimate Origins of Northern Melanesian Populations
- Asian immigrants
- Old Australian taxa
- Other taxa
- Total numbers of traceable species
- Summary
- Part V.. Taxonomic Analysis: Differences Among Species
- 16.. The Problem of Speciation
- What are species?
- Speciation
- Taxonomic terms
- Summary
- 17.. Stages of Geographic Speciation Among the Birds of Northern Melanesia
- 18.. Absence of Geographic Variation
- Factors predisposing to geographic variation, or to its absence
- Factors predisposing to lack of geographic variation
- Classification of geographically nonvariable species by level of endemism
- Summary
- 19.. Geographic Variation: Subspecies
- The frequency of geographic variation
- The variable degree of geographic variation
- Effects of vagility and abundance on geographic variation
- Interpretation of the effects of vagility and abundance
- (Lack of) relation between geographic variability and degree of endemism
- The great speciators
- Geographic variability of montane species
- Summary
- 20.. Geographic Variation: Megasubspecies
- Examples illustrating the range of geographic variation at the subspecies level
- Numbers of megasubspecies
- Summary
- 21.. Geographic Variation: Allospecies
- Allospeciation in Northern Melanesia
- Snapshots of colonization
- Discussion
- Summary
- 22.. Completed Speciation
- Examples
- Data on all cases of completed speciation
- Single or multiple achievements of sympatry?
- Concordance between taxonomic closeness and geographic overlap
- Older and younger invaders
- Mechanisms of allopatric speciation
- Modes of ecological segregation
- Niche differences between older and younger invaders
- Does ecological segregation evolve in allopatry or sympatry?
- Summary
- Appendix. Remaining cases of completed speciation
- 23.. Hybridization
- 24.. Endemic Species and Genera
- Geographic distributions of the endemic full species
- Vagility and abundance of endemic full species
- Distribution between the Solomons and Bismarcks
- How did many endemics become so locally distributed?
- Habitat preference
- Geographic variation
- Summary
- Part VI.. Geographic Analysis: Differences Among Islands
- 25.. Endemism Index
- Calculation of an endemism index
- Interpretation of the endemism index
- Volcanically defaunated islands
- Land-bridge islands
- Summary
- 26.. Pairwise Differentiation Index
- Examples of the pairwise differentiation index
- Geographic barriers in Northern Melanesia
- Dependence of the index on island areas and distance
- Summary
- 27.. Pairwise Nonsharing Indices: Differences in Island Species Compositions
- Causes of pairwise differences in island species compositions
- Definitions of two indices
- Comparisons of the three pairwise indices
- Locations of major barriers
- Dependence of the nonsharing indices on island distance and areas
- Summary
- 28.. The Establishment of Geographic Isolates
- 29.. Interarchipelagal Barriers
- Barrier between Northeast New Guinea and Northern Melanesia
- Barriers to the east of Northern Melanesia
- Barrier between the Bismarcks and Solomons
- Definition of ornithogeographic regions
- Summary
- 30.. Barriers Within the Bismarcks
- Barrier between New Britain and New Ireland
- The New Ireland group
- The St. Matthias group
- The Northwest Bismarcks
- The smaller Bismarck islands
- Summary
- 31.. Barriers Within the Solomons
- The Bukida Group
- The New Georgia group
- The barrier between the Bukida and New Georgia groups
- Malaita
- San Cristobal
- Rennell
- The smaller Solomon islands
- Summary
- 32.. Speciation on Fragmented Solomon Islands
- Five consequences of island fission/fusion cycles
- Speciation on Greater Bukida
- New Georgia Group
- Bismarck Pleistocene islands
- Summary
- 33.. Differential Extinction and Species Occurrences on Fragmented Pleistocene Islands
- Non-water-crossing species on fragments of Greater Bukida
- Greater New Britain and New Ireland
- Summary
- Part VII.. Synthesis, Conclusions, and Prospects
- 34.. Conclusions about Speciation
- The biological species concept
- The whole picture of speciation assembled from snapshots
- Establishment of primary and secondary isolates
- Peripheral isolates
- Summary
- 35.. Species Differences, Taxon Cycles, and the Evolution of Dispersal
- The taxon cycle for Melanesian ants
- Habitat shifts during colonization by Northern Melanesian birds
- Four evolutionary stages among Northern Melanesian birds
- The montane avifauna
- Evolutionary changes in dispersal ability
- Summary
- 36.. Promising Directions for Future Research
- Priorities for gathering new data
- Improved analyses of area and distance effects
- The time scale of speciation
- Distributions with complex histories
- Comparisons and generalization
- Summary
- Maps
- Appendices
- Appendix 1.. Systematic List: Breeding Land and Freshwater Native Birds of Northern Melanesia
- Appendix 2.. Nonbreeding Visitors to Northern Melanesia
- Appendix 3.. Introduced Bird Species in Northern Melanesia
- Appendix 4.. Chronologies of Ornithological Exploration
- Appendix 5.. Attributes of Each Bird Species
- Appendix 6.. Evidence of Overwater Dispersal Ability of Each Species and Allospecies in the Bismarcks and Solomons
- Appendix 7.. Distributions and Origins of Northern Melanesian Bird Populations
- References
- Index
